Anticholinergic drugs, such as Artane and Cogentin, block the actions of acetylcholine. Normally acetyl-choline slows your heart, constricts your pupils, con-tracts your bladder, and increases salivation, gut motility, and sweating....
Amantadine may improve PD by releasing dopamine from the neurons in the substantia nigra, or by blocking the production of acetylcholine. Drugs that block acetylcholine increase the activity of dopamine....
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme found in mitochondria that exists in two forms: MAO-A and MAO-B. MAO-A breaks down adrenalin, noradrena-lin, and serotonin, and is found predominantly in cells...
One of the side effects people experience when taking dopamine agonists is drowsiness. Periods of daytime drowsiness, sometimes accompanied by falling asleep, occur in people with PD who are not...
A dopamine antagonist is a drug, such as Compazine, Haldol, or Thorazine, that blocks dopamine receptors in the brain. These drugs cause a form of Parkinson disease that is reversible...
Alternative or complementary drugs and vitamins are non-prescription, off-patent, and have not been subjected to the vigorous trials prescription drugs undergo. For a prescription drug to be prescribed for PD,...
In most patients, PD starts asymmetrically: on one side before the other. The asymmetry can appear as a lack of arm swing on one side, a turning-in or out of...
The goal of treatment is to provide you with the best possible quality of life. To do this, you must learn as much as you can about PD, work with...
Sweat glands, called apocrine glands, release their secretions into hair follicles in your armpits, around your nipples, and in your groin. They’re tubular glands that extend below the superficial layer...
About 20% of people with PD lose weight, especially people with advanced PD. This weight loss can be marked, with patients losing 10–20% of their body weight over a short...
Swallowing difficulty (dysphagia) usually occurs late in PD, but may occur at any time and early on might be difficult to recognize. It can vary from mild (an inconvenience), to...
Dizziness usually occurs in PD because of orthostatic or postural hypotension (a drop in blood pressure on sitting or standing). To understand why your blood pressure drops, you must understand...
Falling and loss of balance occur in people with PD and can result in major injuries: fractured shoulders, hips, ankles, and even skulls. To decrease falling, it helps to understand...
Freezing of gait (FOG) is a common symptom in advanced PD—PD that’s been diagnosed for at least five years. It occurs in 30% of PD patients with advanced PD, though...
There’s evidence that fatty acids, derived from dietary fat, may play a role in the progression of PD. Scientific studies indicate that the risk of developing PD is higher in...
Molecules are composed of atoms bonded together, which is accomplished by the sharing of electrons. When two atoms come together and their electrons pair up, a bond is created. Such...
Adults store one to three grams of iron in their bodies (about 1/10 ounce), which is maintained through a balance between dietary intake and loss. After iron is absorbed, it...
PD worsens mainly due to increased cell death—the process is explained in this section. There are 100 billion neurons in the brain. For each nerve cell there are, perhaps, 10...
Parkinson disease is considered a progressive disorder because it changes with time; its initial symptoms may worsen and new symptoms may appear. The new symptoms may include postural hypotension (a...
If you’ve been diagnosed with PD, you may feel many conflicting emotions. You may fear becoming physically, emotionally, and economically dependent on others or you may worry because the money...
Some movement disorders involve increased movement and are termed hyperkinetic movement disorders. Tics and tremors fit this category, as do akathisia, chorea, and myoclonus. Akathisia is an inner sense of...
Tremor is an involuntary oscillation of a group of muscles resulting in movement of an arm or a leg. In tremor, each oscillation resembles the previous one: they are rhythmical....
The diagnosis of PD is made on the basis of the presence of the four cardinal symptoms, but these symptoms are not exclusive to PD. There are several disorders that...
Dystonia is increased muscle tone, but it results from a different alteration in the nervous system than rigidity or spasticity. Dystonia usually results in your neck, arm, leg, or trunk...
There are several gait disorders that either may be mistaken for PD or may co-exist with PD. Parkinson dis-ease does not protect you from having another gait disorder. Different gait...